Suchergebnisse

The article provides a profound analysis of the main trends of international student migration for tertiary education, discusses the key factors influencing the choice of destination for studying abroad, and reveals the regional peculiarities of instruments for student migration regulation. The first part of the paper highlights the official statistics showing that in recent decades the world witnessed the steady increase in the number of international students, concentrating mainly in the USA and the European Union. Almost 48% of all international students in the world study in the European Union. This region also shows the highest internal student mobility. Among others, such countries as Austria, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand demonstrate the biggest shares of foreign students in the total number of university students. As for donor countries, the dynamics proves the major role of the Asia region, with a half of all international students originated from it. The largest number of foreign students come from China, India and South Korea. Nonetheless, the Asia region becomes a popular destination of student mobility nowadays. The second part of the article concerns different coordination policies of tertiary migration in the regional context. Mostly in developed countries, practices of attracting foreign students to study in professional programs and degree programs with a perspective to enter a national labor market after graduation become more and more popular. Postgraduate migration remains a priority. Most countries encourage job-searching for foreign graduate students, as they are considered to have a high-skill level, international views and an opportunity to live and work in a variety of socio-cultural conditions. Further analysis refers to the main factors determining the choice of destination for foreign students, which are: geographical proximity, language skills, cultural proximity, the cost of education, and a country's reputation in the field of higher education. The paper reveals the leading role of the EU in the developed intraregional educational mobility, the regional asymmetry of migration processes in other regions of the world, and Asian countries actively promoting temporary educational and labor migration to developed countries with incentives to return to a home-country in the future. In recent years, due to positive dynamics of the return migrants number, an interest in the creation of the returnees strategy grows as well as desire of developed and developing countries to benefit most from the return migration.

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of studying the ethics and values of Iran in the period from the late 20th to the early 21st centuries in the context of "cultural heritage" and "dialogue of civilizations" concepts.

Methods. The historical-typological and historical-systematic methods, the civilization approach used in the article have allowed to analyze the typology and transformation of the Iranian culture in the period from the late 20th to the early 21st centuries.

Analysis. The specific historical characteristics of the Iranian civilization are the continuity of development and the civilization openness, which can be explained not only by invasions of other civilizations, but also by the active perception of the intellectual culture achievements of other peoples. The Iranian civilization came into contact with other civilizations, its origin and functioning were caused by the dialogue of cultures in a broad sense of this word. The psychological reorganization of the Iranians arose as a reaction to the introduction of western values in the life of the country during the shah modernization of the 1960s – 1970s, which led to forming new features in the national consciousness of the Iranians: the aspiration to revive national cultural traditions, desire not so much "to catch up with the West", as to approve the priority of its culture in peoples consciousness. Those years the Iranian social thought was devoted to the intensive development of the concept of historical and cultural identity of the country, problems of the relationship between the West and the East. In the Iranian social thought the certain independent area of knowledge, namely "cultural heritage", was formed, which gave the way to the national consciousness and encouraged the scientific search of a rational model of countrys development, looking for the reliance in the traditional experience.

Results. The author draws the conclusion that the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of people, cultures, civilizations are important, especially in the era of globalization. But this process is the most valuable in the context of the development of national cultures, respect for the cultural heritage of every nation i.e. maintaining cultural diversity of the modern world. Today modernization of Iran is connected with the civilization principles of development ("dialogue of civilizations") in combination with preservation of cultural heritage.

Introduction. The article is devoted to reflecting the ideas of Turkish philosopher, sociologist, culture expert Ziya Gyokalp in the concepts of Kemalism, to the problem of reasonable mutual influence of the East and West, to the attempts of the first President of the Republic of Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatyurk to introduce turkish society in the Westernized civilization in the 1920–1930s. The first Turkish president interpreted the ideas of Ziya Gyokalp, who fought for the synthesis of national traditions and European civilization achievements. The president defined such milestones in the political life of Turkey as europeanization, nationalism, laicism, etatism, revolutionism, nationality, republicanism. The article shows the struggle of westernists and traditionists; calls of nationalists to preserve national traditions, study the history of Muslim peoples and state institutions to make their adapting to new conditions of life in modernity easier. Only the balance between traditionalism and modernism can correspond to the realities of a particular society and era, while the westerners called for the transfer of European values to the national soil.

Methods. The historical-typological and historical-system research methods used in the article allowed to analyze the typology and transformation of Turkish culture in the first two decades of the republic's existence.

Analysis. The article shows the struggle of Westerners and Traditionalists, the appeals of nationalists to preserve national traditions, to study the history of Muslim peoples and state institutions in order to adapt them for modern life more easily, because only the relationship between traditionalism and modernism can correspond to the realities of a particular society and to the modern epoch, while Westerners wanted to bind European values and national soil.

Results. The article draws the conclusion that fundamental principles of Kemalism were formulated by M.K. Atatyurk and implemented by him and his supporters not immediately, but step by step, beginning with 1918. The ideology of Kemalism is in tune with the ideas of Ziya Gyokalp to a great extent. The paper emphasizes that during the decades since the first attempts to modernize Turkey the state has taken unprecedented steps to import Western culture. Undoubtedly, transformations in Turkish society in the field of government, culture, and everyday life were of progressive importance. It contributed to national strengthening of Turkey and its transition from feudal to bourgeois forms of social life.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the development of relations between Bulgaria and the Arab countries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The development of relations between Bulgaria and the countries of the Arab East is of interest in the context of the study of the forms, directions of cooperation, reasons for the mutual interest of peoples heterogeneous in ethno-confessional and cultural terms. Methods and materials. The historical-typological, historical-systemic methods and the civilizational approach used in the article allow to analyze the process of the emergence, development and transformation of the Bulgarian-Arab relations in political, trade, economic, cultural areas. Analysis. Before World War II the international mechanisms were being created for the further development of trade, economic, and political ties between the Arab states and Bulgaria together with infrastructure and sea transport routes. The problems in the development of Bulgarian-Arab relations were caused by the difficulties in forecasting of the processes, which were often subordinate to the subjective factor, personal ambitions and emotions of Arab leaders. Bulgarian diplomacy demonstrated the great patience to maintain relations that met the country's interests. The cooperation between Bulgaria and the Arab countries developed in various forms with noticeable positive dynamics. Political changes in a number of Arab countries and inter-Arab conflicts did not fundamentally affect relations, but caused only temporary difficulties. Despite the fact that the systemic changes, which occurred in Bulgaria in the 1990s, became a restraining factor in the development of the Bulgarian-Arab relations, they were restored due to the mutual interests of the states at the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries. Results. It is concluded that Bulgaria had established diplomatic relations with almost all Arab countries by 1960. The main direction of development of ties until the 1990s was dictated by political and ideological considerations, but trade and economic relations often preceded political ones. Bulgaria had gone beyond the traditional exchange of goods and switched to such forms of cooperation as construction, engineering design, tourism, culture, exchange of specialists, and personnel training. At the end of the 20th century Bulgarian leadership returned to the development of relations with Arab countries, which was dictated by the needs of the market economy development, new political realities and Bulgaria's attempts to identify its place in the modern world.

The authors continued the empirical studies of systemic (push/pull) factors influencing the decision of highly-skilled workers to migrate. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of postgraduate mobility of the Russian university graduates. The authors determine the need for a deeper study of the outflow of highly skilled workers abroad and establish main directions towards resolving this issue. The example of the aggregate «Bachelor graduates of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Economics» was used to reveal the nature of the influence of socio- economic factors on making the decision about the labour migration. The level of education was limited to the Batchelor's degree in order to confirm the impact of educational migration on the decision to migrate for employment purposes. Based on comparative analysis of push/pull factors the authors formulated the hypothesis for establishing their significance in the decision made by highly-skilled specialists to migrate. Following the study results the authors identify key drivers of human mobility, among which are economic factors such as dissatisfaction with the standard of living and opportunities for self-realization, and non-economic factors associated with the status and desire to be in a politically stable situation. The role of educational migration as a potential channel for labor migration of professionals in the future is proved: more than 50 percent of respondents noted that initially the decision to leave the Russian Federation was made in connection with the desire to enter a foreign University to continue education. The analysis of survey results established alarmingly low participation of the migrated graduates from Russia in the development of transnational ties with their native country: the vast majority of respondents have never invested in securities of Russian companies, nor have they performed trade operations with Russian companies or conduct any business in Russia; only 6 percent of the surveyed graduates monthly sent remittances to relatives in Russia. One of the conclusions of the article is the necessity to develop a comprehensive program for the state employment policy in the field of international labor migration. ; Авторы статьи продолжили эмпирические исследования по выявлению системных (притягивающих и выталкивающих - push/pull) факторов, влияющих на принятие высококвалифицированными работниками решения о миграции. Значительное внимание уделяется анализу постдипломной мобильности выпускников российских вузов. Установлена необходимость более глубокого изучения проблемы оттока высококвалифицированных работников за рубеж и определены основные направления ее решения. На примере совокупности «Выпускники бакалавриата экономического факультета МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова» раскрывается характер влияния социально-экономических факторов на принятие решения о трудовой миграции. Ограничение авторами для исследовательских целей уровня образования выпускников степенью бакалавра наук обусловлено намерением зафиксировать преимущественное влияние образовательной миграции на решение о миграции за рубеж с целью трудоустройства. На основе сравнительного анализа крайних (притягивающих или выталкивающих) факторов сформулированы основные гипотезы определения значимости тех из них, которые влияют на принятие высококвалифицированным специалистом решения о трудовой миграции за рубеж. Исходя из результатов исследования, авторы делают вывод о большой значимости таких экономических факторов, как неудовлетворенность уровнем жизни и возможностями самореализации, и неэкономических факторов, связанных со статусом и желанием находиться в политически стабильной ситуации. Доказана роль образовательной миграции как потенциального канала трудовой миграции профессионалов в будущем (более 50% респондентов отметили, что первоначально решение об отъезде из России было принято в связи с желанием поступить в иностранный вуз для продолжения обучения). По мнению авторов, одним из вызывающих обеспокоенность результатов анализа опроса является установление крайне низкой активности выпускников - мигрантов из России в развитии связей со своей страной: подавляющее большинство респондентов никогда не инвестировали в ценные бумаги российских компаний, не осуществляли с ними торговых операций и не вели предпринимательской деятельности в России, и только 6% опрошенных выпускников ежемесячно направляли в Россию денежные переводы своим близким. Авторы вносят предложение о применении комплексного подхода к разработке программы модернизации государственной политики в области международной трудовой миграции.